Types of reasoning. Number series, letter series, codes and relationships.
India produced 85.1 million tonnes of crude steel during April–September 2026, up 2.9 percent year-on-year.
The National Statistics Office began the third Forward-Looking Survey on private corporate capital-expenditure intentions for October–December 2026.
India recorded a current account deficit of USD 4.2 billion, or 0.5% of GDP, in the first quarter of 2026-27, while the capital account recorded a net outflow.
The Union Cabinet approved Green Energy Corridor Phase-III to develop intra-state transmission and battery storage for evacuating 135 GW of renewable power by 2032-33.
The draft Petroleum (Amendment) Bill, 2026 proposes offence-specific penalties, decriminalisation of selected contraventions and special protection for critical petroleum infrastructure.
IRDAI invited comments on proposals to recalibrate insurance distribution through commission limits, expense controls, simplified distributor categories and safeguards against mis-selling.
NSO released the Domestic Tourism Expenditure Survey for July 2025–June 2026, finding pilgrimage and religious travel a major purpose of overnight trips and business trips the highest-spending specified recent category.
MoSPI released a detailed Sources and Methods publication explaining the data sources and methodology used to compile India’s national accounts.
The government raised the wage ceiling for mandatory EPFO coverage from ₹15,000 to ₹25,000 per month, expanding the potential reach of formal social security.
New Zealand’s Parliament passed legislation on 16 September to give effect to the India-New Zealand FTA, with entry into force scheduled for 20 October 2026.
PM Vishwakarma marked three years with about 30 lakh artisans registered, highlighting support for traditional craftspeople and micro-enterprises.
The August 2026 PLFS bulletin reported overall LFPR of 55.6%, WPR of 52.8% and unemployment of 5.0% for persons aged 15 years and above under the Current Weekly Status approach.
The government estimated cumulative merchandise and services exports at USD 399.27 billion during April-August 2026-27, compared with USD 345.55 billion a year earlier.
MoSPI released August 2026 CPI data using the revised 2024=100 base, with headline retail inflation at 4.82% and food inflation at 5.95% year-on-year.
The government released provisional Wholesale Price Index data for August 2026 using the 2022-23 base year.
India launched negotiations to expand its preferential trade agreement with MERCOSUR, seeking broader market access and stronger trade ties.
BRICS agriculture cooperation in 2026 emphasised agroecology, climate resilience, digital agriculture and farmer-centred information sharing.
India hosted the 18th BRICS Summit in New Delhi on 12–13 September 2026 under its 2026 chairship. Leaders adopted the New Delhi Declaration covering multilateral reform, development, health security, AI, cybersecurity, quantum technology and environmental cooperation.
IBBI proposed amendments to strengthen safeguards in insolvency proceedings involving personal guarantors to corporate debtors.
NSO released first-ever district-level estimates for the unincorporated non-agricultural sector, providing more granular information on small-scale economic activity.
The seventh Global Fintech Fest in Mumbai brought together financial-technology stakeholders around digital payments, AI, tokenisation and emerging financial infrastructure.
The Defence Acquisition Council gave in-principle approval to defence acquisition proposals worth about ₹1.10 lakh crore, with around 98% intended from Indian industry.
A September PIB backgrounder highlighted jute as a natural fibre with environmental and livelihood significance.
ECLGS 5.0 was highlighted as a new phase of the Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme aimed at improving institutional credit access for eligible small businesses.
Japan Credit Rating Agency raised India’s long-term foreign- and local-currency issuer ratings from BBB+ to A- with a stable outlook.
The Districts as Export Hubs initiative was highlighted as a way to connect district-level production strengths with international markets.
From 1 September 2026, merchant discount rate provisions began applying to specified UPI person-to-merchant transactions above ₹2,000, with exemptions for selected categories.
Real GDP growth was estimated at 7.8% in Q1 2026-27, compared with 6.9% in Q1 2025-26.
India's real GDP is estimated to have grown 7.8% in April-June 2026, above the 6.9% growth recorded in the same quarter a year earlier.
Industrial production recorded 7.8% year-on-year growth in July 2026, led by manufacturing.
The government raised the national target for Lakhpati Didis to six crore women, linking self-help groups with higher rural incomes.
India notified a framework allowing e-commerce entities to export Indian-origin goods using an inventory-based model.
Parliament passed amendments enabling central notification of MSME classification thresholds and requiring CPSE-MSME invoices to be settled through TReDS.
Parliament passed amendments allowing the central government to regulate mineral-bearing lands and restricting specified state levies.
Parliament passed tax amendments covering specified foreign investment income, diamond and electronics businesses and business-trust taxation.
Cabinet approved a Rs 3,030 crore scheme to establish three greenfield chemical parks between 2026-27 and 2030-31.
A parliamentary committee reviewed India-US trade relations, focusing on market access, tariffs and the wider economic relationship.
A parliamentary committee reviewed India-US trade relations with attention to strategic supply chains and critical minerals.
The Monetary Policy Committee retained the repo rate at 5.25% and maintained the neutral stance.
Parliament amended the NCDC framework to strengthen its ability to support cooperatives and modify governance and financing provisions.
Defence Ministry notified a sixth Positive Indigenisation List covering 405 items with estimated business potential of Rs 3,070 crore.
A parliamentary committee recommended modernising fertiliser movement controls, digitising procedures and strengthening enforcement.
Consumer inflation averaged 3.9% in the first quarter of 2026-27, while food inflation averaged 4.8%.
The Cabinet extended PM-KISAN from 2026-27 to 2030-31 with a financial outlay of about Rs 3.15 lakh crore.
Cabinet approved the National Offshore Exploration Scheme, Samudra Manthan, with an outlay of Rs 84,084 crore.
The extended PM-KISAN framework retains annual direct support of Rs 6,000 per eligible beneficiary, paid in three equal instalments.
The MSME amendment proposal changes how enterprise classification thresholds are set and introduces mandatory TReDS settlement for CPSE purchases from MSMEs.
The MSME Bill proposes that CPSEs settle procurement invoices from MSMEs through TReDS, linking public procurement to digital invoice financing.
India-UK trade negotiations and the resulting trade framework were a major July economic-affairs topic, with emphasis on tariffs, services and market access.
A Rs 62,500 crore scheme was approved to expand domestic mobile-phone manufacturing and encourage Indian brands.
Cabinet approved a new urea investment policy to support additional domestic production capacity.
The urea policy creates a regulated investment framework intended to attract new domestic capacity while controlling production economics.
Indian Railways announced additional structural reforms under Reform Express to improve freight operations and logistics efficiency.
A July government explainer highlighted tourism's contribution to India's economy and the scale of domestic and international travel.
RBI sought comments on draft foreign-investment rules that would replace the 2019 non-debt instrument rules and clarify the FDI-FPI threshold.
MoSPI released the revised IIP series with base year 2022-23 and an Output Producer Price Index deflator, replacing the earlier WPI-based series.
The 23rd PM-Kisan instalment of Rs 18,880 crore was released to more than 9.44 crore farmers, providing another major example of direct income support through a digital welfare system.
MoSPI released provisional estimates showing India's real GDP is estimated to grow 7.7% in 2025-26, with Q4 growth estimated at 7.8%.
The RBI Monetary Policy Committee retained the repo rate at 5.25% and continued with a neutral policy stance.
India recorded a current account surplus of USD 7.1 billion, equal to 0.7% of GDP, in January-March 2026.
An ordinance issued on 5 June exempted foreign institutional investors and the Bank for International Settlements from income tax on specified interest and capital gains from government securities.
Foreign exchange rules were amended to broaden eligible non-resident individual investment in listed Indian companies and raise specified investment ceilings.
SEBI consulted on changes to margin trading facilities, including higher broker net-worth requirements and broader funding sources.
IBBI amended liquidation regulations to strengthen Committee of Creditors oversight and shorten important liquidation timelines.
The Union Cabinet approved a Rs 10,000 crore mechanism to stabilise Aviation Turbine Fuel prices for scheduled Indian airlines amid exceptional international price volatility.
Draft amendments proposed changing the Antyodaya Anna Yojana entitlement from a household-based 35 kg rule to 7 kg per person per month, subject to a 35 kg household cap.
India notified rules for electronic coal exchanges, creating a formal marketplace framework with regulatory, clearing and risk-management requirements.
IIP grew 4.8% in January-March 2026, with manufacturing growing 5.1%, mining 4.3% and electricity 2.7%.
Corporate Social Responsibility rules were amended to recognise subscription to zero coupon zero principal instruments issued by eligible not-for-profit organisations.
India and the United States signed a framework to cooperate on critical-mineral and rare-earth supply chains.
Draft rules were released to operationalise the new rural employment framework, including fund allocation, wage payments and unemployment allowance.
SEBI proposed allowing certain third-party payments in mutual-fund investments with safeguards for identity and auditability.
India's international engagement in May included trade, investment and strategic discussions with European partners.
Cabinet approved higher minimum support prices for kharif crops for the 2026-27 marketing season.
Cabinet approved ECLGS 5.0 to provide additional guaranteed credit to eligible businesses and passenger airlines affected by financial stress.
The government fixed the Fair and Remunerative Price for sugarcane at Rs 365 per quintal for the 2026-27 sugar season.
ECLGS 5.0 extends credit-guarantee support to eligible passenger airlines alongside specified business borrowers.
India's insurance-sector FDI framework was amended to permit 100% foreign direct investment through the automatic route.
Insurance-sector foreign investment rules were amended alongside the increase of the FDI cap to 100%.
India and New Zealand signed a comprehensive FTA providing duty-free access for 100% of India's exports to New Zealand and a USD 20 billion investment commitment.
SIPRI's latest military-expenditure data placed India among the world's five largest military spenders.
DPIIT issued operational guidelines for Startup India Fund of Funds 2.0, translating the Budget announcement into an investment framework.
India reiterated the National Green Hydrogen Mission's 5 million metric tonne annual production target for 2030.
Consumer Price Index inflation averaged 3.12% in January-March 2026, with food inflation at 3.16%.
Wholesale Price Index inflation averaged 2.56% in Q4 2025-26.
April trade and development discussions highlighted GI-tagged products as instruments for protecting place-linked goods and supporting local producers.
The government increased the wheat procurement target to 345 lakh tonnes for the 2026-27 marketing season.
RBI's Monetary Policy Committee retained the repo rate at 5.25% and continued with a neutral policy stance.
Cabinet approved the 1,720 MW Kamala Hydroelectric Project in Arunachal Pradesh with an estimated outlay of about Rs 26,069.50 crore.
India and Kenya reviewed bilateral trade and cooperation in the 10th Joint Trade Committee meeting.
India and Kenya reviewed trade and economic cooperation, with attention to pharmaceuticals, agriculture and investment.
A road-over-bridge connectivity project at Deendayal Port Authority in Gujarat was approved to improve port access.
Government policy brought sustainable aviation fuel into the aviation turbine fuel regulatory framework to support cleaner aviation.
The Income-tax Act, 2025 replaced the Income-tax Act, 1961 from 1 April 2026 as part of a restructuring of India's direct-tax law.
SEZ units were permitted to sell goods in the domestic market at concessional customs duty rates for a one-year period.
The India-UK trade agreement moved into implementation in April, covering goods, services, investment and professional mobility.
A parliamentary committee proposed stronger procurement, seed regulation and measures to reduce import dependence in oilseeds and pulses.
Cabinet approved a modified UDAN scheme with a Rs 28,840 crore outlay to deepen regional air connectivity.
India approved its updated NDC for 2031-2035 under the Paris Agreement.
The government restored the previously notified RoDTEP rates and value caps after a temporary 50% cap introduced in February.
Amended National Highways fee rules establish a digital process for recovering tolls recorded by electronic toll collection systems but not received.
India revised the framework for identifying beneficial ownership in investments involving countries sharing a land border with India.
International Day of Mathematics on 14 March highlights mathematics as a tool for reasoning, science, technology and everyday decision-making.
SEBI proposed easier documentation and higher value thresholds for transmission of securities to legal heirs.
RBI issued prudential directions allowing eligible regulated entities to declare dividends up to 75% of PAT under specified conditions.
India recorded a current account deficit of USD 13.2 billion, equal to 1.3% of GDP, in October–December 2025.
IIP growth for October–December 2025 was 5.3%, with manufacturing providing the largest weight and growth contribution.
India and Canada signed terms of reference to guide negotiations for a comprehensive economic partnership agreement.
MoSPI released a new GDP series with 2022-23 as the base year, replacing 2011-12. The new series estimated real GDP growth at 7.6% for 2025-26 and updated methods and data sources.
Startup India Fund of Funds 2.0 was approved with a Rs 10,000 crore corpus to mobilise venture capital for high-technology and early-growth startups.
MoSPI released a revised Consumer Price Index series with 2024 as the new base year, updating weights and consumption coverage to better reflect current household spending patterns.
MoSPI revised the Index of Industrial Production base year to 2022-23. The change updates the industrial basket and weights used to measure changes in industrial output.
National Productivity Week promoted efficient use of resources, productivity improvement and technology-enabled processes, linking quantitative performance with development.
PLI 1.2 for specialty steel was highlighted as a manufacturing-policy measure intended to expand domestic production of higher-value steel products.
The RBI Monetary Policy Committee retained the repo rate at 5.25% and maintained a neutral stance. The decision provides a current example of monetary policy, interest rates and quantitative indicators.
India and the United States announced a framework for an interim trade agreement, including changes in tariff treatment and broader economic cooperation.
India and the Gulf Cooperation Council signed terms of reference for negotiating a Free Trade Agreement, establishing the scope and modalities for future talks.
Union Budget 2026-27 was presented on 1 February, setting out the Union government's revenue, expenditure, deficit and sectoral priorities for FY 2026-27. It is especially useful for Paper 1 because it combines percentages, fiscal indicators, development policy and higher-education allocations.
The 16th Finance Commission report was tabled in Parliament, covering recommendations on tax devolution and fiscal relations for 2026-27 to 2030-31. It provides a major case of quantitative allocation and intergovernmental finance.
Budget 2026-27 proposed tax measures intended to attract global data-centre activity to India, highlighting the economic importance of digital infrastructure.
MoSPI held a third pre-release consultative workshop on revising the base years and methodology for GDP, IIP and CPI. The exercise is important because statistical series need representative weights, coverage and methods to reflect structural changes in the economy.
The Economic Survey 2025-26 presented in Parliament estimated real GDP growth of 7.4% for 2025-26 and projected 6.8% to 7.2% growth for 2026-27. It highlighted domestic demand, consumption, investment and sectoral performance while discussing risks from the global economy.
The Economic Survey reported strong domestic demand, with private final consumption expenditure growing 7.0% in FY26 and accounting for 61.5% of GDP. The figures provide a concrete case for interpreting ratios, percentages and macroeconomic indicators.
The Economic Survey 2025-26 discussed inflation, foreign direct investment, global risks and structural growth. It projected real GDP growth of 6.8% to 7.2% for 2026-27 and noted that FDI inflows remained below potential.
India and the European Union concluded negotiations for a major Free Trade Agreement during the 16th India-EU Summit. The agreement is significant for trade, market access, services, mobility, technology and the broader relationship between India and the EU.
The Reserve Bank of India sought comments on a framework concerning licensing of Urban Co-operative Banks. The consultation is relevant to quantitative reasoning because banking data and prudential thresholds are interpreted through ratios, and to data interpretation because financial regulation relies heavily on measurable indicators.
MoSPI reported 6.7% year-on-year growth in IIP for November 2025, compared with 0.4% in October. Manufacturing grew 8.0%, mining 5.4% and electricity contracted 1.5%, making the release a useful example of sectoral data and weighted index interpretation.
This current affair concerns India and New Zealand announced conclusion of FTA negotiations, with New Zealand offering tariff concessions and India receiving duty-free access for its exports, alongside an investment commitment. The development is important for Paper 1 because it provides a concrete contemporary example of international trade, market access and economic integration.
This current affair concerns National Mathematics Day was observed on 22 December, the birth anniversary of Srinivasa Ramanujan, highlighting mathematical thinking and India’s mathematical heritage. The development is important for Paper 1 because it provides a concrete contemporary example of mathematical reasoning, mathematical heritage and quantitative thinking.
This current affair concerns Parliament passed the Sabka Bima Sabki Raksha (Amendment of Insurance Laws) Bill, 2025, raising the foreign direct investment limit in Indian insurance companies from 74% to 100%. The development is important for Paper 1 because it provides a concrete contemporary example of financial inclusion, regulation, foreign investment and institutional governance.
This current affair concerns The Securities Markets Code Bill, 2025 was introduced to consolidate major securities-market laws, including provisions relating to SEBI, depositories and securities contracts. The development is important for Paper 1 because it provides a concrete contemporary example of regulatory consolidation, financial markets and institutional governance.
The Ministry of Commerce and Industry reported that wholesale-price inflation was -0.32% in November 2025. The decline was mainly associated with lower prices in food articles, mineral oils, crude petroleum and natural gas, basic metals and electricity, providing a separate inflation indicator from the CPI.
MoSPI reported that the unemployment rate for persons aged 15 years and above fell to 4.7% in November 2025 from 5.2% in October. The same release reported an overall labour force participation rate of 55.8% and a worker population ratio of 53.2%, making the release useful for interpreting labour-market indicators.
MoSPI reported that headline CPI inflation for November 2025 was 0.71% year-on-year, while food inflation remained negative at -3.91%. The release also highlighted the exceptionally low inflation environment and confirmed that the existing CPI series used base year 2012=100, with a revised base-2024 series scheduled for February 2026.
The Reserve Bank of India’s Monetary Policy Committee reduced the policy repo rate from 5.50% to 5.25% in its December 2025 meeting and also reduced the standing deposit facility, marginal standing facility and bank rate by 25 basis points. The MPC retained a neutral stance and raised its real GDP growth projection for 2025-26 from 6.8% to 7.3%. The decision is a direct example of monetary policy being used to influence borrowing conditions and aggregate demand.
India recorded a current account deficit of USD 12.3 billion, equal to 1.3% of GDP, in the July–September quarter of 2025-26. The deficit was smaller than the 2.2% of GDP recorded in the corresponding quarter of the previous year, although foreign exchange reserves declined by USD 10.9 billion during the quarter. The release is useful for understanding the balance of payments and the difference between merchandise trade and the wider current account.
India’s Index of Industrial Production recorded year-on-year growth of 0.4% in October 2025. The release provides a current example of how industrial activity is measured through a composite index covering mining, manufacturing and electricity, with manufacturing carrying the largest weight. It is particularly useful for understanding index numbers, weights and interpretation of economic data.
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